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1 flat bottom rail
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2 Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
[br]b. 26 November 1810 Shieldfield, Newcastle upon Tyne, Englandd. 27 December 1900 Cragside, Northumbria, England[br]English inventor, engineer and entrepreneur in hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and the production of artillery.[br]The only son of a corn merchant, Alderman William Armstrong, he was educated at private schools in Newcastle and at Bishop Auckland Grammar School. He then became an articled clerk in the office of Armorer Donkin, a solicitor and a friend of his father. During a fishing trip he saw a water-wheel driven by an open stream to work a marble-cutting machine. He felt that its efficiency would be improved by introducing the water to the wheel in a pipe. He developed an interest in hydraulics and in electricity, and became a popular lecturer on these subjects. From 1838 he became friendly with Henry Watson of the High Bridge Works, Newcastle, and for six years he visited the Works almost daily, studying turret clocks, telescopes, papermaking machinery, surveying instruments and other equipment being produced. There he had built his first hydraulic machine, which generated 5 hp when run off the Newcastle town water-mains. He then designed and made a working model of a hydraulic crane, but it created little interest. In 1845, after he had served this rather unconventional apprenticeship at High Bridge Works, he was appointed Secretary of the newly formed Whittle Dene Water Company. The same year he proposed to the town council of Newcastle the conversion of one of the quayside cranes to his hydraulic operation which, if successful, should also be applied to a further four cranes. This was done by the Newcastle Cranage Company at High Bridge Works. In 1847 he gave up law and formed W.G.Armstrong \& Co. to manufacture hydraulic machinery in a works at Elswick. Orders for cranes, hoists, dock gates and bridges were obtained from mines; docks and railways.Early in the Crimean War, the War Office asked him to design and make submarine mines to blow up ships that were sunk by the Russians to block the entrance to Sevastopol harbour. The mines were never used, but this set him thinking about military affairs and brought him many useful contacts at the War Office. Learning that two eighteen-pounder British guns had silenced a whole Russian battery but were too heavy to move over rough ground, he carried out a thorough investigation and proposed light field guns with rifled barrels to fire elongated lead projectiles rather than cast-iron balls. He delivered his first gun in 1855; it was built of a steel core and wound-iron wire jacket. The barrel was multi-grooved and the gun weighed a quarter of a ton and could fire a 3 lb (1.4 kg) projectile. This was considered too light and was sent back to the factory to be rebored to take a 5 lb (2.3 kg) shot. The gun was a complete success and Armstrong was then asked to design and produce an equally successful eighteen-pounder. In 1859 he was appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance and was knighted. However, there was considerable opposition from the notably conservative officers of the Army who resented the intrusion of this civilian engineer in their affairs. In 1862, contracts with the Elswick Ordnance Company were terminated, and the Government rejected breech-loading and went back to muzzle-loading. Armstrong resigned and concentrated on foreign sales, which were successful worldwide.The search for a suitable proving ground for a 12-ton gun led to an interest in shipbuilding at Elswick from 1868. This necessitated the replacement of an earlier stone bridge with the hydraulically operated Tyne Swing Bridge, which weighed some 1450 tons and allowed a clear passage for shipping. Hydraulic equipment on warships became more complex and increasing quantities of it were made at the Elswick works, which also flourished with the reintroduction of the breech-loader in 1878. In 1884 an open-hearth acid steelworks was added to the Elswick facilities. In 1897 the firm merged with Sir Joseph Whitworth \& Co. to become Sir W.G.Armstrong Whitworth \& Co. After Armstrong's death a further merger with Vickers Ltd formed Vickers Armstrong Ltd.In 1879 Armstrong took a great interest in Joseph Swan's invention of the incandescent electric light-bulb. He was one of those who formed the Swan Electric Light Company, opening a factory at South Benwell to make the bulbs. At Cragside, his mansion at Roth bury, he installed a water turbine and generator, making it one of the first houses in England to be lit by electricity.Armstrong was a noted philanthropist, building houses for his workforce, and endowing schools, hospitals and parks. His last act of charity was to purchase Bamburgh Castle, Northumbria, in 1894, intending to turn it into a hospital or a convalescent home, but he did not live long enough to complete the work.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1859. FRS 1846. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Civil Engineers; British Association for the Advancement of Science 1863. Baron Armstrong of Cragside 1887.Further ReadingE.R.Jones, 1886, Heroes of Industry', London: Low.D.J.Scott, 1962, A History of Vickers, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
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3 Cartwright, Revd Edmund
[br]b. 24 April 1743 Marnham, Nottingham, Englandd. 30 October 1823 Hastings, Sussex, England[br]English inventor of the power loom, a combing machine and machines for making ropes, bread and bricks as well as agricultural improvements.[br]Edmund Cartwright, the fourth son of William Cartwright, was educated at Wakefield Grammar School, and went to University College, Oxford, at the age of 14. By special act of convocation in 1764, he was elected Fellow of Magdalen College. He married Alice Whitaker in 1772 and soon after was given the ecclesiastical living of Brampton in Derbyshire. In 1779 he was presented with the living of Goadby, Marwood, Leicestershire, where he wrote poems, reviewed new works, and began agricultural experiments. A visit to Matlock in the summer of 1784 introduced him to the inventions of Richard Arkwright and he asked why weaving could not be mechanized in a similar manner to spinning. This began a remarkable career of inventions.Cartwright returned home and built a loom which required two strong men to operate it. This was the first attempt in England to develop a power loom. It had a vertical warp, the reed fell with the weight of at least half a hundredweight and, to quote Gartwright's own words, "the springs which threw the shuttle were strong enough to throw a Congreive [sic] rocket" (Strickland 19.71:8—for background to the "rocket" comparison, see Congreve, Sir William). Nevertheless, it had the same three basics of weaving that still remain today in modern power looms: shedding or dividing the warp; picking or projecting the shuttle with the weft; and beating that pick of weft into place with a reed. This loom he proudly patented in 1785, and then he went to look at hand looms and was surprised to see how simply they operated. Further improvements to his own loom, covered by two more patents in 1786 and 1787, produced a machine with the more conventional horizontal layout that showed promise; however, the Manchester merchants whom he visited were not interested. He patented more improvements in 1788 as a result of the experience gained in 1786 through establishing a factory at Doncaster with power looms worked by a bull that were the ancestors of modern ones. Twenty-four looms driven by steam-power were installed in Manchester in 1791, but the mill was burned down and no one repeated the experiment. The Doncaster mill was sold in 1793, Cartwright having lost £30,000, However, in 1809 Parliament voted him £10,000 because his looms were then coming into general use.In 1789 he began working on a wool-combing machine which he patented in 1790, with further improvements in 1792. This seems to have been the earliest instance of mechanized combing. It used a circular revolving comb from which the long fibres or "top" were. carried off into a can, and a smaller cylinder-comb for teasing out short fibres or "noils", which were taken off by hand. Its output equalled that of twenty hand combers, but it was only relatively successful. It was employed in various Leicestershire and Yorkshire mills, but infringements were frequent and costly to resist. The patent was prolonged for fourteen years after 1801, but even then Cartwright did not make any profit. His 1792 patent also included a machine to make ropes with the outstanding and basic invention of the "cordelier" which he communicated to his friends, including Robert Fulton, but again it brought little financial benefit. As a result of these problems and the lack of remuneration for his inventions, Cartwright moved to London in 1796 and for a time lived in a house built with geometrical bricks of his own design.Other inventions followed fast, including a tread-wheel for cranes, metallic packing for pistons in steam-engines, and bread-making and brick-making machines, to mention but a few. He had already returned to agricultural improvements and he put forward suggestions in 1793 for a reaping machine. In 1801 he received a prize from the Board of Agriculture for an essay on husbandry, which was followed in 1803 by a silver medal for the invention of a three-furrow plough and in 1805 by a gold medal for his essay on manures. From 1801 to 1807 he ran an experimental farm on the Duke of Bedford's estates at Woburn.From 1786 until his death he was a prebendary of Lincoln. In about 1810 he bought a small farm at Hollanden near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he continued his inventions, both agricultural and general. Inventing to the last, he died at Hastings and was buried in Battle church.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBoard of Agriculture Prize 1801 (for an essay on agriculture). Society of Arts, Silver Medal 1803 (for his three-furrow plough); Gold Medal 1805 (for an essay on agricultural improvements).Bibliography1785. British patent no. 1,270 (power loom).1786. British patent no. 1,565 (improved power loom). 1787. British patent no. 1,616 (improved power loom).1788. British patent no. 1,676 (improved power loom). 1790, British patent no. 1,747 (wool-combing machine).1790, British patent no. 1,787 (wool-combing machine).1792, British patent no. 1,876 (improved wool-combing machine and rope-making machine with cordelier).Further ReadingM.Strickland, 1843, A Memoir of the Life, Writings and Mechanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwright, D.D., F.R.S., London (remains the fullest biography of Cartwright).Dictionary of National Biography (a good summary of Cartwright's life). For discussions of Cartwright's weaving inventions, see: A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. F.Nasmith, 1925–6, "Fathers of machine cotton manufacture", Transactions of theNewcomen Society 6.H.W.Dickinson, 1942–3, "A condensed history of rope-making", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers both his power loom and his wool -combing machine).RLHBiographical history of technology > Cartwright, Revd Edmund
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4 elevar
v.1 to lift (levantar) (peso, objeto).Ella elevó la carga al techo She lifted the load to the roof.2 to raise (increase) (precio, cantidad).La máquina elevó la temperatura The machine raised the temperature.Ella elevó la bandera She raised the flag.3 to raise (Mat).elevar x al cuadrado/al cubo to square/cube xdiez elevado a quince ten to the fifteenth (power)4 to elevate.lo elevaron a la categoría de héroe they made him into a hero5 to present (propuesta, quejas).6 to uplift, to lift, to exalt, to inspire.El sacrificio elevó su espíritu The sacrifice uplifted his spirit.7 to bolster up, to raise.Su sonrisa eleva los ánimos Her smile bolsters up the spirits.* * *1 (peso etc) to elevate, raise, lift2 (precios) to raise, increase, put up; (tono, voz) to raise3 (enaltecer) to promote, raise4 MATEMÁTICAS to raise1 (subir) to rise (up)2 (alcanzar) to reach3 (erguirse, levantarse) to stand4 (sumar) to amount to, come to5 figurado (engreírse) to become conceited* * *verb1) to raise, lift2) increase3) promote•- elevarse- elevarse a* * *1. VT1) (=levantar) [+ objeto, brazos] to raiseuna sinfonía que eleva el espíritu — a symphony that is spiritually uplifting o that uplifts the spirit
2) (=aumentar)a) [+ precio, tipo, temperatura, calidad] to raiseel consumo de huevos eleva el nivel de colesterol — eating eggs increases o raises one's cholesterol level
el juez le elevó la condena a dos años — the judge increased (the length of) his sentence to two years
b) [+ voz] to raise3) [+ muro] to raise, make higher4)lo elevaron al pontificado — he was made Pope, he was elevated to the pontificate frm
elevaron a su ídolo a la categoría de dios — they raised o elevated frm their idol to the level of a god
5) [+ petición, solicitud] to present, submitelevó una petición al Tribunal Supremo — he presented o submitted an appeal to the High Court, he appealed to the High Court
6) (Mat)7) (Elec) [+ voltaje] to boost8) Chile * (=reprender) to tell off *2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1) (frml)elevó los brazos al cielo — (liter) he raised (up) his arms to heaven (liter)
b) <espíritu/mente> to upliftc) <muro/nivel> to raise, make... higher2) (frml)a) ( aumentar) <precios/impuestos> to raise, increase; < nivel de vida> to raiseb) <voz/tono> to raise3) (frml) ( en jerarquía) to elevate (frml)4) (Mat)5) (frml) (presentar, dirigir)2.elevar algo a alguien — <informe/protesta> to present o submit something to somebody
elevarse v pron1) ( tomar altura) avión/cometa to climb, gain height; globo to rise, gain height2) (frml) ( aumentar) temperatura to rise; precios/impuestos to rise, increase; tono/voz to rise3) (frml) ( ascender)elevarse a algo: la cifra se elevaba ya al 13% — the figure had already reached 13%
4) (liter) montaña/edificio to stand, rise (liter)* * *= heighten, elevate, uplift, bring up, hoist, take + Nombre + to greater heights, raise.Ex. Automated support services have heightened the sense of interdependency between libraries and vendors.Ex. Some of the things that are said about genuine bookselling do at times seem to elevate this occupation to a level far beyond mere commerce.Ex. This article discusses the implementation of a carefully devised approach to uplift standards of reading.Ex. Matrix and mould were pivoted and were brought up to the nozzle of a metal pump for the moment of casting, and then swung back to eject the new-made letter.Ex. The Supreme Court of India has declared that hoisting the tricolour is a fundamental right that the government cannot legislate away.Ex. He headed one of the largest accounting firms in the country and took it to greater heights.Ex. The speaker said that James estimated people function at only 20% of their capacity, and concluded that they could raise this percentage considerable if they knew how to manage their time more efficiently.----* elevar con grúa = winch.* elevar con polea = winch.* elevarse = soar, tower above/over.* * *1.verbo transitivo1) (frml)elevó los brazos al cielo — (liter) he raised (up) his arms to heaven (liter)
b) <espíritu/mente> to upliftc) <muro/nivel> to raise, make... higher2) (frml)a) ( aumentar) <precios/impuestos> to raise, increase; < nivel de vida> to raiseb) <voz/tono> to raise3) (frml) ( en jerarquía) to elevate (frml)4) (Mat)5) (frml) (presentar, dirigir)2.elevar algo a alguien — <informe/protesta> to present o submit something to somebody
elevarse v pron1) ( tomar altura) avión/cometa to climb, gain height; globo to rise, gain height2) (frml) ( aumentar) temperatura to rise; precios/impuestos to rise, increase; tono/voz to rise3) (frml) ( ascender)elevarse a algo: la cifra se elevaba ya al 13% — the figure had already reached 13%
4) (liter) montaña/edificio to stand, rise (liter)* * *= heighten, elevate, uplift, bring up, hoist, take + Nombre + to greater heights, raise.Ex: Automated support services have heightened the sense of interdependency between libraries and vendors.
Ex: Some of the things that are said about genuine bookselling do at times seem to elevate this occupation to a level far beyond mere commerce.Ex: This article discusses the implementation of a carefully devised approach to uplift standards of reading.Ex: Matrix and mould were pivoted and were brought up to the nozzle of a metal pump for the moment of casting, and then swung back to eject the new-made letter.Ex: The Supreme Court of India has declared that hoisting the tricolour is a fundamental right that the government cannot legislate away.Ex: He headed one of the largest accounting firms in the country and took it to greater heights.Ex: The speaker said that James estimated people function at only 20% of their capacity, and concluded that they could raise this percentage considerable if they knew how to manage their time more efficiently.* elevar con grúa = winch.* elevar con polea = winch.* elevarse = soar, tower above/over.* * *elevar [A1 ]vtA ( frml)1 (levantar) ‹objeto› to raise, liftla grúa elevó el cajón hasta la cubierta the crane hoisted o raised o lifted the crate onto the deckmúsica que eleva el espíritu (spiritually) uplifting musicelevemos nuestros corazones al Señor let us lift up our hearts to the Lord2 ‹muro/nivel› to raise, make … higherB ( frml)1 (aumentar) ‹precios/impuestos› to raise, increaseelevar el nivel de vida to raise the standard of livingel juez elevó la pena the judge increased the (length of) the sentence2 ‹voz/tono› to raiseD ( Mat):elevar un número a la sexta potencia to raise a number to the power of sixelevar al cuadrado to squareelevar al cubo to cubeE (presentar, dirigir) elevar algo A algn to present o submit sth TO sbelevaron una protesta a las autoridades they presented o submitted a letter of protest to the authorities, they protested to the authoritieselevaron el recurso al Tribunal Supremo they appealed to the Supreme Court, they presented o submitted the appeal to the Supreme Court■ elevarseA (tomar altura) «avión/cometa» to climb, gain height; «globo» to rise, gain heightB ( frml) (aumentar) «temperatura» to rise; «precios/impuestos» to rise, increase; «tono/voz» to riseC ( frml) (ascender) elevarse A algo:el número de víctimas se eleva a diez ten people have been killedla cifra se elevaba ya al 13% the figure had already reached o already stood at o was already at 13%la Cordillera se eleva majestuosa the mountain range rises majestically* * *
elevar ( conjugate elevar) verbo transitivo
1 (frml)
2 (frml)
‹ nivel de vida› to raise
elevarse verbo pronominal
1 ( tomar altura) [avión/cometa] to climb, gain height;
[ globo] to rise, gain height
2 (frml) ( aumentar) [ temperatura] to rise;
[precios/impuestos] to rise, increase;
[tono/voz] to rise
3 (frml) ( ascender):◊ la cifra se elevaba ya al 13% the figure had already reached 13%
elevar verbo transitivo
1 to raise
2 Mat to raise (to the power of)
elevar al cuadrado, to square
elevar al cubo, to cube
elevado a la cuarta, etc, potencia, to raise to the power of four, etc
' elevar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cuadrada
- cuadrado
- elevarse
- subir
- cubo
- erigir
- levantar
English:
cube
- elevate
- elevation
- enhance
- glance up
- square
- exalt
- raise
- up
* * *♦ vt1. [levantar] [peso, objeto] to lift;elevaron los muebles con poleas they lifted the furniture with pulleys;elevar la moral de los jugadores to boost the players' morale2. [aumentar] [precio, nivel] to raise;[cantidad] to increase;elevar las ventas/ganancias to increase sales/profits;elevar el tono de voz to raise one's voice;elevaron a dos meses el plazo de matriculación they extended the enrolment period to two months3. Mat to raise;elevar x al cuadrado/al cubo to square/cube x;diez elevado a quince ten to the fifteenth (power)4. [encumbrar] to elevate (a to);fue elevado al cargo de director he was promoted to the post of director;lo elevaron a la categoría de héroe they made him into a hero5. [presentar] [queja, recurso] to lodge, to present;[propuesta] to submit, to present;elevaremos un escrito de protesta al concejal we shall present a formal protest to o lodge a formal protest with the councillor;elevar un recurso de apelación al Supremo to lodge an appeal with o to present an appeal to the Supreme Court;elevó una instancia al ministerio he lodged an appeal with the Ministry* * *v/t1 raise2 MAT:elevar al cuadrado raise to the power of four* * *elevar vt1) alzar: to raise, to lift2) aumentar: to raise, to increase3) : to elevate (in a hierarchy), to promote4) : to present, to submit* * *elevar vb to raise -
5 τανύω
A- ύσω AP5.261
(Paul. Sil.); [dialect] Ep.- ύω Od.21.152
, 174, : [tense] aor. ἐτάνῠσα, [dialect] Ep.ἐτάνυσσα Od.24.177
;τάνυσσα Il.14.389
; part.τανύσας Hp.Steril.244
:—[voice] Med., [dialect] Ep.[tense] fut. τανύσσομαι in pass. sense, Archil.3: [dialect] Ep. [tense] aor. part.τανυσσάμενος Il.4.112
:—[voice] Pass., [ per.] 3sg. [tense] pf.τετάνυσται Od.9.116
; part.τετανυμένος Gal.13.991
, τετανυμμένος (sic) Dioscorus in PLit.Lond. 98 ii 10: 3 [tense] fut.τετανύσσεται Orph.L. 324
: [tense] aor. , etc., [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl.τάνυσθεν Il.16.475
, Od.16.175. [[pron. full] ῠ always, exc. ἐκτανῡειν (s.v.l.) in Anacreont.35.5.] [dialect] Ep. Verb (used twice by Pi., never by Trag.):—stretch, strain,βοείην Il.17.390
, 391; ἶριν ib. 547; τ. βιόν string a bow, Od.24.177; οὐ μὲν ἐγὼ τανύω I cannot string it, 21.152, cf. 171, 174 (so in [voice] Med., τὸ μὲν [τόξον].. τανυσσάμενος having strung his bow, Il.4.112, cf. Archil.3); of putting the strings to a harp,ῥηϊδίως ἐτάνυσσε νέῳ περὶ κόλλοπι χορδήν Od.21.407
(also in [voice] Med.,ὀΐων ἐτανύσσατο χορδάς h.Merc.51
); τ. κανόνα pull the weaving-bar in, in weaving, Il.23.761; ὅππως.. τανύσῃ βοέοισιν ἱμᾶσιν how to urge on [the horses], ib. 324; ἐπὶ Ἀκράγαντι τανύσσας (sc. ὀϊστούς) having aimed them, Pi.O.2.91; ἐπ' Ἰσθμῷ ἅρμα τάνυεν was driving it to the Isthmus, ib.8.49; τ. ὦτα λόγοις lend attentive ear, AP7.562 (Jul.); τ. ὄμμα ἐπί τινος, ἐς οὐρανόν, ib.5.261 (Paul. Sil.), 9.188:—[voice] Pass., to be stretched or strained, γναθμοὶ τάνυσθεν (for ἐτανύσθησαν ) the hollow cheeks filled out, Od.16.175;τετάνυστο λαίφεα A.R.1.606
.2 metaph., strain, make more intense,μάχην Il.11.336
;ἔριδα 14.389
;κακὸν πόνον 17.401
: more fully, ὁμοιίου πτολέμοιο πεῖραρ ἐπαλλάξαντες ἐπ' ἀμφοτέροισι τάνυσσαν (cf. ) 13.359:—[voice] Pass., strain or exert oneself, run at full stretch, of horses galloping, ; ἐν ῥυτῆρσι τάνυσθεν ib. 475; of mules,ἄμοτον τανύοντο Od.6.83
.II stretch out in length, lay out, lay, ;ἔγχος ἐπ' ἰκριόφιν τ. νεός Od.15.283
; ἐτάνυσσε τράπεζαν set out a long table, 4.54, 15.137; τ. τινὰ ἐν κονίῃς, ἐπὶ γαίῃ, lay one in the dust, stretch him at his length, Il.23.25, Od.18.92; ἕνα δρόμον τ. form one long flight, of cranes, Arat.1011:—[voice] Pass., lie stretched out, τάπης τετάνυστο was spread, Il.10.156;σύες.. εὑόμενοι τανύοντο διὰ φλογός 9.468
;ἐπ' αὐτῷ ἠλακάτη τετάνυστο Od.4.135
; extend, ; ; ἐτανύσθη πάντῃ he stretched himself every way, Hes.Th. 177;ἐπὶ χθονὶ κεῖτο τανυσθείς Il.20.483
, cf. 13.392, etc. (so in [voice] Med.,κεῖτο τανυσσάμενος Od.9.298
); also τρίβος τετάνυστο the path stretched away, Theoc.25.157;νὺξ τετάνυσται Arat.557
; πλόος τ. A.R.4.1583 (dub. l.). -
6 Zonca, Vittorio
[br]b. c. 1568 Italyd. 1603 Italy[br]Italian architect who wrote a book on machines.[br]All that is known of Zonca is included on the frontispiece of the book that is his only claim to fame. He is there described as architect to the "Magnificent Community of Padua". He compiled a book on machines entitled Novo teatro de machine ed edificii (New Display of Machines and Edifices), illustrated with numerous fine engravings. It was printed in Padua in 1607, four years after his death, by Francesco Bertelli, who said of the book that it "came into my hands", as though he knew nothing of the author.During the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, a number of illustrated books on technical subjects appeared, compiled by knowledgeable and educated authors. These books greatly helped the spread of information about the technical arts throughout Europe. There were several books on mechanical devices, notably those by Ramelli, Besson and Zonca. In some ways, Zonca's is the most interesting, for it seems closest to the mechanical practice of the time. Several of the machines he describes are referred to as being in use in Padua or Venice and he suggests ways of improving them. The range of machines is wider than in other similar works and includes pumps, cranes, powder mills, printing and bookbinding presses and textile machines. Perhaps the most interesting of these is the water-driven silk-threading machine, since some of its components resemble those in use in the twentieth century. Spinning mills were widely used in the silk industry in sixteenth-century Italy, and Zonca offers a full description of one. He also shows the first example of an oblique treadwheel, driven by oxen for the grinding of grain. Even so, despite all the practical detail, the book ends, like others of its kind, with fantasy, in a description of a perpetual-motion machine.[br]Further ReadingA.G.Keller, 1964, A Theatre of Machines, London: Chapman \& Hall (provides brief details and illustrations from the books by Ramelli, Besson and Zonca).LRD -
7 Strymon
Strymon (nom. Strymo, Sen. Q. N. 1 praef. med.; Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 38), ŏnis and ŏnos (acc. Strymona, Nep. Cim. 2, 2; Plin. 22, 10, 12, § 27:I.Strymonem,
Liv. 44, 44, 8; 45, 29), m., = Strumôn.The river Strymon, in Macedonia, on the borders of Thrace, now Struma or Kara-su, Mel. 2, 2, 2 and 9; Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 38; 22, 10, 12, § 27; Verg. G. 4, 508; Ov. M. 2, 257; Liv. 44, 44, 8; Prop. 4 (5), 4, 72 al.—Many cranes lived upon its banks, Luc. 3, 199; Claud. B. Gild. 476.—II.Poet., Thrace, Stat. Th. 5, 188.—Hence,A.Strymŏnĭus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Strymon, Strymonian:B.grues,
Verg. G. 1, 120; id. A. 10, 265;also called grex,
Mart. 9, 30, 8.— Poet. for Thracian or northern:matres,
Ov. Ib. 602: Arctos. Stat. Th. 3, 526:Aquilo,
Sen. Agam. 479.—Stry-mŏnis, ĭdis, adj. f., of or belonging to Thrace; subst., a Thracian woman:qualis Strymonis abscisso fertur aperta sinu,
i. e. Amazon, Prop. 4 (5), 4, 72. -
8 Strymonis
Strymon (nom. Strymo, Sen. Q. N. 1 praef. med.; Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 38), ŏnis and ŏnos (acc. Strymona, Nep. Cim. 2, 2; Plin. 22, 10, 12, § 27:I.Strymonem,
Liv. 44, 44, 8; 45, 29), m., = Strumôn.The river Strymon, in Macedonia, on the borders of Thrace, now Struma or Kara-su, Mel. 2, 2, 2 and 9; Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 38; 22, 10, 12, § 27; Verg. G. 4, 508; Ov. M. 2, 257; Liv. 44, 44, 8; Prop. 4 (5), 4, 72 al.—Many cranes lived upon its banks, Luc. 3, 199; Claud. B. Gild. 476.—II.Poet., Thrace, Stat. Th. 5, 188.—Hence,A.Strymŏnĭus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Strymon, Strymonian:B.grues,
Verg. G. 1, 120; id. A. 10, 265;also called grex,
Mart. 9, 30, 8.— Poet. for Thracian or northern:matres,
Ov. Ib. 602: Arctos. Stat. Th. 3, 526:Aquilo,
Sen. Agam. 479.—Stry-mŏnis, ĭdis, adj. f., of or belonging to Thrace; subst., a Thracian woman:qualis Strymonis abscisso fertur aperta sinu,
i. e. Amazon, Prop. 4 (5), 4, 72. -
9 Strymonius
Strymon (nom. Strymo, Sen. Q. N. 1 praef. med.; Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 38), ŏnis and ŏnos (acc. Strymona, Nep. Cim. 2, 2; Plin. 22, 10, 12, § 27:I.Strymonem,
Liv. 44, 44, 8; 45, 29), m., = Strumôn.The river Strymon, in Macedonia, on the borders of Thrace, now Struma or Kara-su, Mel. 2, 2, 2 and 9; Plin. 4, 10, 17, § 38; 22, 10, 12, § 27; Verg. G. 4, 508; Ov. M. 2, 257; Liv. 44, 44, 8; Prop. 4 (5), 4, 72 al.—Many cranes lived upon its banks, Luc. 3, 199; Claud. B. Gild. 476.—II.Poet., Thrace, Stat. Th. 5, 188.—Hence,A.Strymŏnĭus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Strymon, Strymonian:B.grues,
Verg. G. 1, 120; id. A. 10, 265;also called grex,
Mart. 9, 30, 8.— Poet. for Thracian or northern:matres,
Ov. Ib. 602: Arctos. Stat. Th. 3, 526:Aquilo,
Sen. Agam. 479.—Stry-mŏnis, ĭdis, adj. f., of or belonging to Thrace; subst., a Thracian woman:qualis Strymonis abscisso fertur aperta sinu,
i. e. Amazon, Prop. 4 (5), 4, 72. -
10 tergum
tergum, i ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose also tergus, ŏris), n. ( masc.:I.familiarem tergum,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 53; cf. Non. 227, 23) [cf. Gr. trachêlos, neck; perh. root trechô, to run], the back of men or beasts (syn. dor sum).Lit.(α).Form tergum:(β).dabitur pol supplicium mihi de tergo vestre,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 75:vae illis virgis miseris quae hodie in tergo morientur meo,
id. Capt 3, 4, 117: manibus ad tergum rejectis, Asin ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 3:boum terga,
id. N D. 2, 63, 159; cf. tergo poenae pendere Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 6:tergo ac capite puniri, Liv 3, 55, 14.—Of cranes eaeque in tergo praevolantium Colla reponunt,
Cic. N. D. 2 49, 125. —Of the dolphin, Ov F 2, 113.— Of the crocodile: ejus terga cataphracta,
Amm. 22, 15, 16.—Form tergus aurea quam molli tergore vexit ovis, Prop. 2, 26 (3, 21), 6:II.ut equa facilem sui tergoris ascensum praebeat,
Col. 6, 37, 10.—Transf.A. 1.Esp. in the phrases terga vertere or dare, to turn the back, pregn., for to take to flight, to flee: omnes hostes terga verterunt;2.neque prius fugere destiterunt, quam, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 53; so,terga vertere,
id. ib. 3, 19; 3, 21; id. B. C. 3, 63;and even of a single person: terga vertit,
Sen. Ep. 22, 7:qui plures simul terga dederant, etc., Liv 22, 29, 5: terga dare,
id. 36, 38, 4:inter duas acies Etrusci, cum in vicem his atque illis terga darent,
id. 2, 51, 9; Ov. M. 13, 224:terga fugae praebere,
id. ib. 10, 706:terga praestare (fugae),
Tac. Agr 37; Juv. 15, 75. — Trop. jam felicior aetas Terga dedit, tremuloque gradu venit aegra senectus, Ov M. 14, 143.—In gen.:B.inflexo mox dare terga genu,
i. e. yield to the burden, Prop. 3, 9 (4, 8), 6: praebere Phoebo [p. 1859] terga, to sun itself, Ov. M. 4, 715:concurrit ex insidiis versisque in Lucretium Etruscis terga caedit,
the rear, Liv. 2, 11, 9; Flor. 4, 12, 7:terga Parthorum dicam,
the flight, Ov. A. A. 1, 209:terga collis,
Liv. 25, 15, 12; cf.:terga vincentium,
Tac. Agr. 37:summi plena jam margine libri Scriptus et in tergo necdum finitus Orestes,
written on the back, Juv. 1, 6:retro atque a tergo,
behind one, Cic. Div. 1, 24, 49; cf.:a tergo, a fronte, a lateribus tenebitur,
id. Phil. 3, 13, 32:ut a tergo Milonem adorirentur,
behind, id. Mil. 10, 29; 21, 56; id. Verr 2, 5, 38, § 98:tumultum hostilem a tergo accepit,
Sall. J. 58, 4; Caes. B. G 7, 87; Curt. 3, 1, 19; 3, 8, 27; 8, 5, 1:post tergum hostium legionem ostenderunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 62:ne nostros post tergum adorirentur,
id. B. C. 3, 44:Germani post tergum clamore audito,
id. B. G. 4, 15:post tergum hostem relinquere,
id. ib. 4, 22:qui jam post terga reliquit Sexaginta annos,
has left behind him, has passed, Juv. 13, 16:omnia jam diutino bello exhausta post tergum sunt,
Curt. 4, 14, 11:omnia, quae post tergum erant, strata,
id. 3, 10, 7:tot amnibus montibusque post tergum objectis,
id. 4, 13, 7.—The back of any thing spread out horizontally, as land or water, i. e. the surface ( poet.):C.proscisso quae suscitat aequore terga,
Verg. G. 1, 97:crassa,
id. ib. 2, 236:amnis,
Ov. P. 1, 2, 82; Claud. B. G. 338; Luc. 5, 564; 9, 341.—(Pars pro toto.) The body of an animal ( poet.).(α).Form tergum:(β).(serpens) Squamea convolvens sublato pectore terga,
Verg. G. 3, 426;so of a serpent,
id. A. 2, 208; Petr 89;of Cerberus,
Verg. A. 6, 422:horrentia centum Terga suum,
i. e. a hundred head of swine, id. ib. 1, 635:nigrantis terga juvencos,
id. ib. 6, 243:perpetui tergo bovis,
id. ib. 8, 183.—Form tergus:D.resecat de tergore (suis) partem,
of a chine of bacon, Ov. M. 8, 649:diviso tergore (juvenci),
Phaedr. 2, 1, 11:squalenti tergore serpens,
Sil. 3, 209.—The covering of the back, the skin, hide, leather, etc. (in this signif. tergus freq. occurs; syn.: pellis, corium).(α).Form tergum:(β).taurino quantum possent circumdare tergo,
ox-hide, Verg. A. 1, 368:ferre novae nares taurorum terga recusant,
Ov. A. A. 2, 655.—Form tergus:2.tergora deripiunt costis et viscera nudant,
Verg. A. 1, 211; so Cels. 7, 25, 1; 8, 1 med.:durissimum dorso tergus,
Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 30; cf. id. 9, 35, 53, § 105; Col. 7, 4 fin. —Transf., a thing made of hide or leather.(α).Form tergum: venti bovis inclusi tergo, i. e. in a bag made of a bull ' s hide, Ov. M. 14, 225; 15, 305:(β).et feriunt molles taurea terga manus,
i. e. tymbals, id. F. 4, 342; so id. ib. 4, 212:Idae terga,
Stat. Th. 8, 221:pulsant terga,
id. Achill. 2, 154: rupit Terga novena boum, i. e. the nine thicknesses of bull ' s hide, Ov. M. 12, 97:tergum Sulmonis,
Verg. A. 9, 412; 10, 482; 10, 718;hence even: per linea terga (scuti),
id. ib. 10, 784 (v. the passage in connection):duroque intendere bracchia tergo, i. e. cestus,
id. ib. 5, 403; so id. ib. 5, 419.—Form tergus:gestasset laevā taurorum tergora septem,
a shield covered with seven layers of hide, Ov. M. 13, 347:Martis tergus Geticum,
Mart. 7, 2, 2. -
11 ἕρμα
A prop, support: in pl., of the props used to keep ships upright when hauled ashore,νῆα..ἐπ' ἠπείροιο ἔρυσσαν ὑψοῦ ἐπὶ ψαμάθοις, ὑπὸ δ' ἕρματα μακρὰ τάνυσσαν Il.1.486
, cf. 2.154: metaph., of men, ἕ. πόληος prop or stay of the city, 16.549, Od.23.121, Epigr.Gr. 452.11 ([place name] Syria); τοῦτο..οἷον ἕ. πόλεως κείσθω as a foundation for the city, Pl.Lg. 737b;ὥσπερ ἕ. τῆς πολιτείας βέβαιον Plu.2.814c
;ἕ. ἐχέγγυον [ἑταιρίας] D.C.Fr.40.15
;ὥσπερ ἕρματος ἀεὶ δεόμενοι τῆς τροφῆς Gal.19.208
.2 sunken rock, reef, Alc.Supp.26.6, Hdt.7.183, Th. 7.25, E.Hel. 854;ἄσημα ἕ. Anacr.38
;ἄφαντον ἕ. A.Ag. 1007
(lyr.), cf.Eu. 564 (lyr.);ἕ. ὕφαλα D.H.1.52
; ἕ. γῆς ἁπαλόν a soft bank of mud, App.BC5.101.3 cairn, barrow,πρὸς ἕρμα τυμβόχωστον..τάφου S.Ant. 848
(lyr., nisi leg. ἕργμα); Ἑρμᾶν ἀφετήριον ἕρμα starting-post, AP9.319 (Philox.); ἕρματα τῶν θεμελίων ruins of the foundations, D.S.5.70.4 that which keeps a ship steady, ballast, Plu.2.782b; of stones with which cranes and bees were supposed to steady themselves in their flight, Arist.HA 597b1, 626b25;μετὰ τῶν γεράνων ἀναχωρῶ πάλιν, ἀνθ' ἕρματος πολλὰς καταπεπωκὼς δίκας Ar.Av. 1429
: metaph.,τῆς ψυχῆς ἐχούσης ἕ. Chrysipp.Stoic.2.299
;τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς φρονήσεως ἕ. Socr.
ap. Stob.3.3.61;οἷον ἕ. τὴν τῶν γερόντων ἀρχὴν θεμένη Plu.Lyc.5
;οὔτε τι ἕ. ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ ἔχει D.C.46.3
; also λαβοῦσα ἕ. Δῖον having conceived by Zeus, A.Supp. 580 (lyr.); so perh. μελαινέων ἕρμ' ὀδυνάων freight of dark pains, Il.4.117 (athetized by Aristarch.).
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